Middle Level Communication Arts/Literature (Grades 5–8)

Subtest 1 Sample Items

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Question 1

1. Use the image below to answer the question that follows.

The image is most likely intended to influence public opinion about which of the following issues?

1. privacy protection measures
2. over-consumption of media
3. endangerment of free speech
4. aversion to new technology

Answer to question 1

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0001) In the image, a computer monitor is depicted as a large, gaping mouth ready to engulf a man's head as he gazes into it intently. The image implies that the man feels an overwhelming attraction to the images and information on the computer, which can be interpreted as a metaphor for over-consumption of media.

Question 2

2. Use the image below to answer the question that follows.

A man is holding a ladder and looking upward with a questioning look. At the top of the ladder is a partially open door. Above the door is a sign that says Peace. About midway up the ladder is a large gap between the rungs. There is another gap between the second-to-last and last rung of the ladder.

Which of the following messages is the image most likely designed to convey?

1. Inner peace comes from conquering fear of the unknown.
2. Peaceful solutions to conflict require patience.
3. Achieving peace is a seemingly impossible challenge.
4. People need to learn to live together peacefully.

Answer to question 2

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0001) In the image, the question mark above the man's head shows that he is uncertain about traversing the door marked "PEACE." The ladder he must use to reach his objective is missing many of its rungs, which will make the ascent difficult. However, the door to peace, which lies at the top of the ladder, is ajar, indicating that peace is attainable, or possible, for anyone who meets the challenge of the climb.

Question 3

3. Use the image below to answer the question that follows.

Above the water and land is wide-open sky with scattered clouds. In the upper left corner of the frame, in the foreground, a seagull is flying.

In the image, perspective and composition are used to reinforce which of the following themes?

1. wisdom
2. strength
3. freedom
4. courage

Answer to question 3

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0001) The upward-looking perspective used in the image accentuates the height at which the bird is flying, and the position of the bird in the upper right-hand corner of the image highlights the bird's rising forward motion, suggesting that the bird may fly right out of the frame of the image. Both of these elements—the perspective and composition—of the image serve to emphasize primarily the theme of freedom.

Question 4

4. Use the image below to answer the question that follows.

In the cartoon, a water faucet is shown. Between the faucet handle and the spigot is a globe. Water drips from the spigot into the coin slot of a small piggy bank.

The image is most likely intended to influence public opinion about which of the following global issues?

1. endangered species
2. sustainable farming
3. economic stability
4. water conservation

Answer to question 4

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0001) In the image, a globe forms part of an oversized faucet that drips water into a piggy bank. The image suggests that water has real value and that the act of conserving water constitutes an important investment in the future of Earth's inhabitants.

Question 5

5. An astronomer has been invited to give a multimedia presentation to a large group of middle school students about planets that lie outside Earth's solar system. During the presentation, the astronomer plans to illustrate key points by using still photographs, charts, diagrams, and animation. For which of the following points would the astronomer likely find animation to be the most effective presentation medium?

1. the differences in size between planets outside Earth's solar system
2. the possibility that life exists on planets outside Earth's solar system
3. the processes used to search for planets outside Earth's solar system
4. the distances between Earth and planets outside Earth's solar system

Answer to question 5

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0002) Animation would be most effective for enhancing the students' understanding of the scientific processes astronomers use to search for planets outside Earth's solar system. Animation would illustrate simply and clearly the preparations astronomers make, the steps they take, and the instruments they use in their searches.

Question 6

6. A middle school student is planning a multimedia presentation. Creating a storyboard would be the most appropriate strategy for the student to use to:

1. select information that will be covered in the presentation.
2. preview audio clips for integration into the presentation.
3. sequence multimedia components of the presentation.
4. design graphics for use as transitions between slides.

Answer to question 6

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0002) A storyboard is a visual organizer composed of a sequence of individual panels. In the context of planning multimedia presentations, a storyboard is an effective tool for organizing audio, visual, and interactive components of the presentation. Each panel should represent the message to be conveyed by a particular component of the presentation. Creating a storyboard will help the student select the most relevant information and ideas for a presentation, organize them logically, and integrate multimedia into the presentation in a logical way.

Question 7

7. A student plans to incorporate a brief excerpt from a contemporary novel into an essay. To best comply with principles of fair use and attribution, the student should:

1. enclose the excerpt in quotation marks and cite its source in the essay.
2. embed within the text of the essay a link to a digital edition of the novel.
3. request permission from the novel's author to use the excerpt in the essay.
4. paraphrase the excerpt rather than reproducing it verbatim in the essay.

Answer to question 7

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0002) According to the principles of fair use, the student is free to include a brief excerpt from a contemporary novel in an essay without seeking permission from the author, publisher, or other copyright holder. However, the student must indicate that the student is not the author of the excerpt by enclosing it in quotation marks. In addition, the student should provide a full source citation for the excerpt. Citations vary in format, but typically include the author and title of the novel, its year of publication, and the name of the publisher.

Question 8

8. A middle school teacher who has a personal page on a public social networking site occasionally receives "friend requests" from family members of current students. The most ethical action for the teacher to take in response to these requests would be to:

1. accept the requests but block the family members from sharing content to the teacher's personal page.
2. accept the requests but monitor the family members' posts to ensure student confidentiality.
3. decline the requests and block students' family members from contacting the teacher on social media.
4. decline the requests and provide the teacher's school email address and the URL for the school's Web site.

Answer to question 8

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0002) Teachers must maintain clearly defined boundaries between personal and professional interactions. One way to define these boundaries is by limiting social media interactions with students' family members to school-sponsored social media accounts. Teachers should control visibility of their personal social media accounts and refrain from discussing students or students' family members on social media.

Question 9

9. Which of the following actions best demonstrates a phonemic awareness skill?

1. pronouncing the letter a as /ăsmall letter a with breve/ when reading the word batter
2. defining the word batter as "baseball player"
3. doubling the final consonant of bat before adding the suffix -er
4. segmenting the word batter into two syllables

Answer to question 9

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0003) Phonemic awareness is the ability to recognize that individual speech sounds, or phonemes, can be combined to create words. Recognizing individual speech sounds within the word batter demonstrates a phonemic awareness skill.

Question 10

10. Rapid recognition of sight words in isolation would effectively demonstrate which of the following components of fluency?

1. expression
2. decoding
3. automaticity
4. reading rate

Answer to question 10

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0003) Automaticity is the rapid recognition of high-frequency sight words. A fluent reader identifies most words without using the decoding process or contextual analysis. Automaticity allows a fluent reader to focus on comprehending the meaning of the whole text rather than on identifying individual words.

Question 11

11. Students in a middle grades English language arts class are reading a short story about a mountain climber who is stranded on a mountain during a snowstorm. Which of the following instructional strategies would most effectively scaffold the reading task for students who are struggling readers?

1. having the students gather information about mountain climbing from the Internet
2. showing the students photographs of a mountain like the one described in the story
3. asking the students to write journal entries about their experiences of being stranded
4. providing the students with a partially completed story map to complete as they read the story

Answer to question 11

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: D. (Objective 0003) A story map is a graphic organizer that illustrates the structure and content of a story. Research has shown that story mapping is an effective strategy to use with struggling readers. Providing a partially completed story map would enhance the story map's effectiveness by giving students a model to use when completing the map. For example, a one-sentence summary of the story's climax would serve as a guide and model as students fill in events that preceded and followed the climax.

Question 12

12. During adolescence, the development of cognitive processes related to abstract thinking significantly enhances middle school students' ability to:

1. use domain-specific vocabulary.
2. analyze complex literary texts.
3. engage in deliberative listening.
4. participate in academic discussions.

Answer to question 12

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0003) The cognitive processes needed for abstract thinking typically develop during adolescence. Abstract thinking skills enhance middle school students' ability to comprehend complex literary texts by interpreting figurative language and other literary devices.

Question 13

13. A seventh-grade student who recently moved to the area from another part of the country uses words and phrases for familiar actions and objects that differ from the words and phrases used by other students. For example, the new student says "cut off" electric lights, while the other students say "turn off" electric lights. The new student uses "buggy," while the other students say "shopping cart." The teacher wants to use this opportunity to broaden students' knowledge of dialects. Which of the following student activities would best help the teacher achieve this goal?

1. researching the linguistic and geographic origins of the new student's dialect
2. comparing and contrasting word usage by speakers of various regional dialects
3. reading and performing scenes from plays and novels in which the dialogue is intended to represent regional dialects
4. listening to audio recordings of speakers of a regional dialect and deducing rules of grammar and pronunciation

Answer to question 13

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: D. (Objective 0003) Because the teacher's goal is to capitalize on a "teachable moment" and broaden students' knowledge about dialects, the most appropriate instructional approach would be to deepen students' understanding of the nature of dialects. One way to do this would be to explain that dialects have their own systems for grammar and pronunciation, using examples from the students' vernacular. Once students have gained a basic understanding of the complexity of regional dialects, they can listen to an audio recording of several speakers of one dialect and deduce the grammar and pronunciation rules for that dialect.

Question 14

14. Direct instruction in phonics promotes students' reading comprehension by enhancing their ability to:

1. identify Greek and Latin root words.
2. recognize high-frequency sight words.
3. apply knowledge of letter-sound correspondences to decode words.
4. use context clues to decipher denotative and connotative meanings.

Answer to question 14

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0003) Phonics is a form of reading instruction that focuses on teaching letter-sound correspondences so students can apply knowledge of these correspondences to decode printed words. The ability to decode words quickly promotes reading fluency, which in turn promotes comprehension. When readers pause frequently to decode words, their ability to comprehend the overall meaning of a text decreases.

Question 15

15. A teacher wants to develop extension activities that will build students' reading development schema and promote engagement in higher level thinking. Appropriate and effective activities to use for these purposes would engage students primarily in:

1. performing tasks that have real-world implications.
2. dramatizing scenes from novels they read in class.
3. maintaining a journal in which they list new words.
4. viewing film adaptations of books they have read.

Answer to question 15

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0003) Authentic tasks challenge students to apply the knowledge and skills they acquire in school to real-world situations. For example, students could use knowledge gained from informational texts to create an original design for an everyday object and develop a marketing campaign for the object. Students who are passionate about a real-world issue could research the issue and then write letters to the editor of a local newspaper and to government officials, using evidence from their research in the letters.

Question 16

16. A middle school teacher anticipates that some students will have difficulty understanding archaic language in a short story. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use to promote the students' comprehension of the story?

1. reading aloud the story as the students follow along in the text
2. previewing vocabulary with the students before they read the story
3. creating a story map that the students can refer to as they read
4. having the students retell the story in their own words after reading it

Answer to question 16

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0003) Archaic language can create barriers to comprehension for students who have not previously encountered the words in their reading, as it is unlikely they will encounter the language in their everyday lives. Previewing potentially challenging vocabulary before they read the story will provide the students with the background knowledge they need to comprehend the story.

Question 17

17. A teacher is working with a group of students who are at the transitional stage of reading. After the students read a story in class, the teacher asks each student to construct a narrative pyramid consisting of seven lines. First, the students enter the main character's name in the top line. Next, they write two words that describe this character on the second line. They then write three words that describe the setting on the third line. On the fourth line, they write a sentence explaining the problem in the story, and so on. Engaging in this activity will most likely promote students' development of which of the following comprehension skills?

1. predicting
2. synthesizing
3. questioning
4. summarizing

Answer to question 17

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0004) A narrative pyramid is a useful tool for helping students reflect on story elements such as character, setting, conflict, and plot. Direction lines require students to condense key information about specific story components and promote students' ability to efficiently phrase their entries. A completed pyramid would reflect basic story analysis information, thus providing students with a unique type of summary.

Question 18

18. Students in a middle grades English language arts class receive a list of new vocabulary words at the beginning of each week. The students write the words and their definitions in their notebooks. Which of the following additional activities would most effectively promote the students' ability to remember the words and their definitions?

1. segmenting the words into syllables
2. using each word in a written sentence
3. finding the words in real-life contexts
4. grouping the words by their function

Answer to question 18

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0004) Research shows that multiple exposures to a newly learned word in multiple contexts give students a broader and deeper understanding of the word than the definition of the word provided in a dictionary. In addition, multiple exposures in multiple contexts aid recall of meaning. Seeing and hearing new words outside of the classroom can reinforce and expand students' knowledge of words and their meanings.

Question 19

19. Students in an eighth-grade English language arts class are reading an excerpt from an autobiographical essay by a nineteenth-century British author. The essay contains some archaic words and expressions and unfamiliar content that is challenging for the students to comprehend. Which of the following strategies would best enhance the students' comprehension of the essay?

1. outlining the author's main and supporting points
2. pausing during reading to paraphrase what they have read
3. creating a summary statement after reading the essay
4. finding similarities between the author's experiences and their own

Answer to question 19

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0004) Paraphrasing is an effective strategy for identifying gaps in understanding. By pausing frequently during reading to paraphrase a short segment of text, students can self-monitor for comprehension. When students have difficulty paraphrasing text, they can reread the text to clarify meaning before continuing.

Question 20

20. After students in a middle grades English language arts class read a short story independently, their teacher asks them to retell the story to a partner. This activity is most likely intended to enhance the students' comprehension of which of the following elements of the story?

1. plot
2. theme
3. setting
4. character

Answer to question 20

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: A. (Objective 0004) Research shows that retelling is an effective strategy to use for enhancing comprehension of the content and structure of a text. Retelling the short story would enhance students' comprehension of the plot, which comprises the events that take place in a story and provides a narrative structure for the story.

Question 21

21. The scientific term rainbow is sometimes used metaphorically in other contexts to convey which of the following meanings?

1. simplicity
2. reliability
3. variety
4. longevity

Answer to question 21

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0004) In the field of physical science, a rainbow is an arc that exhibits the colors of the spectrum in concentric bands. Because of the wide range of colors that appear in the spectrum, and thus in a rainbow, the term rainbow is often used metaphorically in other contexts to mean a wide assortment or variety of things.

Question 22

22. In which of the following words does fore function as a prefix meaning "prior to"?

1. foreign
2. foreword
3. forestry
4. forensics

Answer to question 22

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Correct Response: B. (Objective 0004) In the word foreword, the prefix fore precedes the root word word. A foreword is a short introductory piece that appears at the beginning of a book, before the main text.

Question 23

23. Which of the following words is an antonym for the word brave?

1. valiant
2. daring
3. timorous
4. courageous

Answer to question 23

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0004) An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. An antonym for the word brave would mean "not brave." One such antonym would be the word timorous, meaning "fearful," which is derived from the Latin verb timēre, meaning "to fear."

Question 24

24. Read the excerpt below from an informational text; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, the author uses the underlined phrases primarily to:

1. help readers visualize conditions on the surface of Mars.
2. illustrate the biological similarities between Earth and Mars.
3. emphasize the potential scientific value of data on Mars-like environments.
4. suggest that scientists may profit financially from studying Earth and Mars.

Answer to question 24

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0004) In the passage, the phrases "goldmine of information" and "treasure hunts" emphasize the potential scientific value of data collected by scientists such as Nathalie Cabrol. A goldmine may or may not yield a significant amount of gold, and a treasure hunt may or may not lead to discovery of treasure. Scientists' explorations of Mars-like environments on Earth may or may not lead to information that will help scientists answer questions about the past and present existence of life on Mars.

Question 25

25. Read the excerpt below from a short story; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, the plot is developed primarily through the use of:

1. surprise.
2. flashback.
3. suspense.
4. intrigue.

Answer to question 25

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: C. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, the author builds suspense through the effective use of pacing and specific words and phrases. As the character climbs out of a window, each careful, precarious movement is noted, creating tension and suspense as readers wonder whether the character will fall or be discovered. In addition, the character's attention to minute details, such as "dried out and brittle putty," brings the scene into sharp focus for the reader.

Question 26

26. Read the excerpt below from a novel; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, figurative language is used to help establish primarily which of the following moods?

1. unease
2. exhilaration
3. anger
4. confusion

Answer to question 26

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: A. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, simile is used—"like a finger pointing" and "[a]s a lone tree attracts lightning"—to create a sense of impending danger and destruction and make the reader feel ill at ease.

Question 27

27. Read the poem below; then answer the question that follows.

Which of the following themes is most clearly expressed in the poem?

1. the spirit of individualism
2. the serenity that accompanies maturity
3. the importance of staying true to oneself
4. the abundance of nature

Answer to question 27

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0005) In the poem, the speaker describes maturity as a time when "life wanes, and all the turbulent passions calm." The speaker views this time of life as "gorgeous," "vapory," "mellower," and "blissful," suggesting that as one ages, one experiences serenity.

Question 28

28. In the excerpt, the words dormant, rooted, and redundant are used to convey which of the following messages about the Chinese custom of naming a daughter Jade?

1. It concealed character flaws.
2. It maintained family harmony.
3. It discouraged independence.
4. It produced personal pride.

Answer to question 28

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, the words dormant and rooted suggest that women named Jade are not permitted to fulfill their potential as full-grown, independent adults. The word rooted emphasizes the women's limited range of movement as they walk in "shoes the size of teacups," unable to escape the confines of tradition and their family roles. The elder daughters are "as redundant as the farmyard hens" because they share the name Jade and fulfill identical roles within their family; they, like the family's livestock, are not recognized as individuals.

Question 291

29. In the excerpt, the speaker primarily expresses which of the following attitudes toward an aspect of life in rural China?

1. wonder at the beauty of nature
2. disdain for men's accomplishments
3. dismay at the effects of poverty
4. respect for women's resourcefulness

Answer to question 29

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, the speaker contrasts the elder daughters' limited range of movement with their unlimited skill at overcoming hardship. By stating that the elder daughters "travelled far in surviving" by "learning to stretch the family rice," the speaker implies that the women's resourcefulness helped save not only their own lives but also the lives of family members.

Question 30

30. Read the excerpt below from a novel; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, a description of setting is used primarily to:

1. reveal the narrator's ambivalent attitude.
2. establish a mood of nostalgic yearning.
3. call into question the narrator's reliability.
4. provide essential background information.

Answer to question 30

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, the description of setting reveals the narrator's ambivalence toward the town of Loose River. On the one hand, the narrator seems proud of the town's status as the "Walleye Capital of the World." The phrase "finny hello" seems affectionate, but the phrase "seedy motel" is disapproving. The narrator's assertion that the most impressive place in the town was the burned-down timber mill and the reference to the town's Burger King fast-food restaurant as "official" suggests that the narrator's attitude toward the town is tinged with cynical irony.

Question 31

31. Which of the following events would most likely occur during the denouement of a traditional five-act play?

1. The protagonist is introduced.
2. The conflict reaches a crisis.
3. Suspense and tension build.
4. Minor plot points are resolved.

Answer to question 31

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0005) The plot of a traditional five-act play comprises five elements in the following order: exposition (introduction of the characters and the conflict), rising action (events occur, tension builds), climax (the conflict reaches a crisis), falling action (events unfold, tension recedes), and denouement. The French word dénouement means "unknotting" or "untying." During the denouement of a play, plot points are unknotted, or resolved, and the play reaches its conclusion.

Question 32

32. Read the poem below; then answer the question that follows.

In the poem, the poet uses the phrases "near-soporific efficiency" and "As if by an engine" primarily to:

1. convey a sense of the landscape's desolation.
2. emphasize the inherent monotony of perfection.
3. illustrate the destruction of nature by civilization.
4. suggest that the river is a source of deep relaxation.

Answer to question 32

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Correct Response: B. (Objective 0005) In the excerpt, the Elbe is "familiar at first sight," a place where "steam paddle wheelers & other vessels" run alongside "torn turfs" that "Bob up & down." The diction highlights the routine monotony of the beauty and perfection of the river and its surrounding landscape.

Question 33

33. According to information provided in the excerpt, children are more likely to walk or bicycle to school under which of the following conditions?

1. Their parents believe that traffic conditions around and at the school are safe.
2. They are accompanied by a group of friends.
3. Their parents are active participants in the Safe Routes to School program.
4. They live outside the regular school bus route.

Answer to question 33

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0006) The excerpt explains that many parents are reluctant to allow their children to walk or bicycle to school due to a concern about traffic conditions, particularly during student arrival and dismissal from school. The excerpt further explains that improving traffic conditions during the drop-off and pick-up process will not only make that process safer but will also enhance the safety of students who walk or bike to school. When parents believe that traffic conditions are safe, they will be more likely to allow their children to walk or bicycle to school.

Question 34

34. In the excerpt, the photograph is used primarily to suggest that walking to school is:

1. a confidence-building activity.
2. an environmentally friendly activity.
3. a fun activity.
4. a physical fitness activity.

Answer to question 34

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0006) In the excerpt, the photograph shows three students laughing and smiling while they walk to or from school. Their laughs and smiles, and body language in general, clearly indicate that they are having a good time, which suggests that walking to school is a fun activity.

Question 35

35. Read the excerpt below from a textbook; then answer the question that follows.

Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the excerpt?

1. Technological advancements have affected the music industry more than other industries.
2. World music is exciting for its fusion of styles, but it could lead to the demise of indigenous music.
3. Through its use of technology, music contributes to the blending of global cultural traditions.
4. Nigerian musician King Sunny Adé is responsible for introducing the steel guitar to African audiences.

Answer to question 35

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Correct Response: C. (Objective 0006) The excerpt indicates that technological advances have played a significant role in allowing musicians to combine musical styles from disparate cultures into culturally fused musical styles. In this way, music contributes to the blending of global cultural traditions.

Question 36

36. Read the excerpt below from a magazine article; then answer the question that follows.

The central idea of the excerpt is that:

1. people do not always take care to consider all the circumstances and possible consequences of their actions.
2. manufactured goods that contain potentially environmentally hazardous ingredients should be banned.
3. people spend too much time and money accumulating material goods when they should be protecting the planet.
4. swimming and sunbathing, though seemingly harmless activities, can adversely affect the environment.

Answer to question 36

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0006) In the excerpt, the author attempts to convince readers that there is a "hidden price tag" on everything we buy. This declaration is supported by an example of how swimmers' use of sunscreen can eventually harm coral reefs and includes authoritative details such as "an ingredient in sunscreen primes the growth of a deadly virus in coral reefs" and "four thousand to 6,000 metric tons of sunscreen wash off swimmers each year worldwide." Information in the excerpt promotes the central idea that people do not always take care to consider all the circumstances and possible consequences of their actions.

Question 37

37. Read the excerpt below from a speech; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, the author's primary purpose is to encourage lawyers to:

1. put clients' interests ahead of their own.
2. adhere to a code of professional conduct.
3. charge nominal fees whenever possible.
4. refrain from pursuing frivolous lawsuits.

Answer to question 37

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Correct Response: A. (Objective 0006) In the excerpt, the author's primary purpose is to encourage lawyers to put clients' interests ahead of their own. Lawyers can do so by acting as mediator rather than litigator, by not stirring up litigation, and by charging fair and reasonable fees. In addition, the author counsels lawyers to take only a small retainer from a client, so the remainder of the fee acts as a performance incentive.

Question 38

38. Read the excerpt below from an article; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, the author uses anaphora primarily to:

1. establish the author's credibility.
2. create common ground with readers.
3. convey a tone of naive idealism.
4. reinforce a theme of self-determination.

Answer to question 38

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0006) The rhetorical device known as anaphora is the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of a series of sentences. In the excerpt, the author repeats the phrase "we chose" at the beginning of a succession of sentences and then describes what was chosen in modest, practical terms ("an area that was safe, affordable and convenient to places we needed to go"), which are then contrasted with more ephemeral desires, such as "a place where any person ... could walk down the street and not feel self-conscious." The repetition of the phrase "We chose" reinforces the theme of self-determination: the author and his family deliberately chose a home in a specific neighborhood for specific reasons directly related to their practical needs and their value system.

Question 39

39. Read the excerpts below from Through Indian Eyes: The Untold Story of Native American Peoples, an informational text edited by James Cassidy Jr., and Little Crow: Spokesman for the Sioux, an informational text by Gary Clayton Anderson; then answer the question that follows.

Which of the following statements best describes how the authors of the passages present information about a similar topic?

1. While Cassidy portrays Little Crow as a pragmatist, Anderson describes Little Crow as an idealist.
2. Cassidy uses dialogue to portray the antagonism between the Sioux and the storekeepers, while Anderson downplays those tensions.
3. While both Cassidy and Anderson point to the relationship between the Sioux Uprising and inadequate supplies, Cassidy focuses on the negative effects of natural events.
4. While both Cassidy and Anderson explore Little Crow's role in the Sioux Uprising, Anderson provides a more detailed account of Little Crow's management of the conflict.

Answer to question 39

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Correct Response: D. (Objective 0006) Cassidy summarizes Little Crow's bargaining with the storekeepers, while Anderson details the names of attendees and the negotiations that took place at a meeting between Little Crow and the shopkeepers. Cassidy draws an explicit connection between the conflict between the Sioux and the shopkeepers and the Sioux Uprising, while Anderson merely implies that a grave conflict is developing between the Sioux and the shopkeepers.

Question 40

40. Read the excerpt below from an essay; then answer the question that follows.

In the excerpt, the author uses a series of metaphors to create a tone that can best be described as:

1. suspicious.
2. desperate.
3. awestruck.
4. flippant.

Answer to question 40

Answer Enter to expand or collapse answer. Answer expanded

Correct Response: B. (Objective 0006) In the excerpt, the author compares learning a particular language to being "washed about...hither and thither." Learning the rules of grammar, only to discover that "there are more exceptions to the rule than instances of it," leads the learner to go "overboard" "to hunt for another Ararat and find another quicksand." This biblical allusion to Ararat, the mountain where Noah's ark came to rest after a forty-day flood, suggests that the narrator equates the language-learning experience with a forty-day flood. Exceptions to grammatical rules are equated with quicksand. This series of metaphors creates a tone of desperation.

Acknowledgments

138-word excerpt from Through Indian Eyes: The Untold Story of Native American Peoples. James Cassidy Jr. (Ed.). (1995). (pp. 302– to 303). Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association. Copyright © 1995 The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.

Ares. Cartoon titled "Adiccion" by permission of Cagle Cartoons, Inc.

Buying Camels in Dresden, from "Picasso's Tears" by Wong May, publisher: Octopus Poetry 2014.

Cathy Song. "Lost Sister" PICTURE BRIDE. Yale University Press. Copyright © 1983. Reprinted with permission.

Clover/SuperStock. Elementary school students walking to school.

Esquivel, Arcadio. It's hard to get Peace. Attribution: Arcadio Esquivel, La Prensa, Panama, www.caglecartoons.com

Esquivel, Arcadio. Water for the Close Future. Attribution: Arcadio Esquivel, La Prensa, Panama, www.caglecartoons.com

Excerpt(s) from ECOLOGICAL, INTELLIGENCE: HOW KNOWING THE HIDDEN IMPACTS OF WHAT WE BUY CAN CHANGE EVERYTHING by Daniel Goleman, copyright © 2009, 2010 by Daniel Goleman. Used by permission of Broadway Books, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.

Excerpt from HISTORY OF WOLVES copyright © 2017 by Emily Fridlund. Used by permission of Grove/Atlantic, Inc. Any third party use of this material, outside of this publication, is prohibited.

fstop/SuperStock. Seagull in mid-air above the sea.

Gary Clayton Anderson's Little Crown: Spokesman for the Sioux (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1986), 127.

Minneapolis fourplex proposal would be a major shift for homeowners by Clay Gustafson. (2018). Star Tribune. Reprinted with permission.

Reprinted by permission of Don Congdon Associates, Inc. © 1956 by Crowell Collier Publishing Company, renewed 1984 by Jack Finney.

Reprinted with the permission of Scribner, a division of Simon & and Schuster, Inc. from THAT OLD ACE IN THE HOLE by E. Annie Proulx. Copyright © 2002 by Dead Line Ltd. All rights reserved.

SAYRE, HENRY M., THE HUMANITIES: CULTURE, CONTINUITY, AND CHANGE, VOLUME II (BOOK ALONE), 1st Ed., © 2008. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., New York, NY.