Health (Grades 5–12)
Subtest 2 Sample Items
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Question 1
1. Which of the following behaviors is considered to be a primary indicator of positive mental health?
- repressing negative feelings and worries about the future
- maintaining uniform expectations and standards of behavior throughout life
- voicing opinions when in the company of people whose value systems differ from one's own
- demonstrating resiliency in the face of adversity and maintaining emotional balance
Answer to question 1
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0008) Resiliency is considered a strong predictor of positive mental health; and good mental health is considered an essential component of the health assets and capabilities, including resiliency, that enable people to adapt and cope with hardship. Resiliency, or the ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, is a skill needed by young people to cope with and adapt to life's challenges, which might include illness, the transition from middle school to high school, changes in family makeup, changes in friendship groups, conflicts with peers, breakups, family conflicts, and even traumas. Protective factors associated with resilience include high-quality child-parent and child-teacher relationships, confidence in approaching new situations and new people, avoiding negative self-talk and recurring self-blame, ability to set achievable goals, and self-esteem.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0008) Resiliency is considered a strong predictor of positive mental health; and good mental health is considered an essential component of the health assets and capabilities, including resiliency, that enable people to adapt and cope with hardship. Resiliency, or the ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, is a skill needed by young people to cope with and adapt to life's challenges, which might include illness, the transition from middle school to high school, changes in family makeup, changes in friendship groups, conflicts with peers, breakups, family conflicts, and even traumas. Protective factors associated with resilience include high-quality child-parent and child-teacher relationships, confidence in approaching new situations and new people, avoiding negative self-talk and recurring self-blame, ability to set achievable goals, and self-esteem.
Question 2
2. Individuals who move to new communities may feel isolated and experience both mental and physical stress due to the relocation. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in helping alleviate stress and feelings of insecurity, isolation, and loneliness related to relocation?
- reconnecting with old friends via social networking sites and maintaining daily contact with them
- establishing a social support network by joining a community group, local service organization, church, or recreational club
- expressing one's thoughts and exploring one's feelings about the relocation by journaling, blogging, or writing reflectively
- asking a family member for honest feedback about one's interpersonal skills and working on areas that may need improvement
Answer to question 2
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0008) A social support network is typically made up of friends, family, neighbors, and colleagues, and plays an important role in times of stress because it provides the comfort of knowing that people are there to talk to, listen, and help if needed. Joining a community group, local service organization, church, or club allows an individual new to an area to meet neighbors and others who share similar interests and to strike up new friendships. New social and networking contacts also allow an individual to learn more about the new area and to establish professional relationships with others. The breadth and quality of an individual's social network and the reciprocal nature of friendships and professional relationships are key factors in maintaining individual wellness.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0008) A social support network is typically made up of friends, family, neighbors, and colleagues, and plays an important role in times of stress because it provides the comfort of knowing that people are there to talk to, listen, and help if needed. Joining a community group, local service organization, church, or club allows an individual new to an area to meet neighbors and others who share similar interests and to strike up new friendships. New social and networking contacts also allow an individual to learn more about the new area and to establish professional relationships with others. The breadth and quality of an individual's social network and the reciprocal nature of friendships and professional relationships are key factors in maintaining individual wellness.
Question 3
3. The professional consensus on why individuals engage in self-harming behaviors such as secretly cutting their skin is that the behaviors are mechanisms for:
- coping with intense emotional pain, frustration, and anxiety.
- drawing attention to oneself to receive sympathy.
- diverting attention away from significant mental illnesses.
- developing the resolve to commit suicide.
Answer to question 3
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0008) Self-harm or self-injury is an unhealthy way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger and frustration, and trauma. Research suggests that some people cut themselves because it gives them a sense of relief from the tension created by acute sadness or anxiety, or that the feeling of pain provides relief from intense and overwhelming negative thoughts. Teenagers who cut say that when they hurt themselves, they are trying to stop feeling lonely, angry, or hopeless. They often report having low self-esteem. They may feel unloved by family and friends, have an eating disorder or an alcohol or drug problem, or have been victims of abuse. Research shows that although people do die from self-harm, these instances appear to be accidental; in general, self-harmers do not want to die. In fact, some researchers believe that self-injury may be a way of coping—of regaining control of pain—in order to go on living.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0008) Self-harm or self-injury is an unhealthy way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger and frustration, and trauma. Research suggests that some people cut themselves because it gives them a sense of relief from the tension created by acute sadness or anxiety, or that the feeling of pain provides relief from intense and overwhelming negative thoughts. Teenagers who cut say that when they hurt themselves, they are trying to stop feeling lonely, angry, or hopeless. They often report having low self-esteem. They may feel unloved by family and friends, have an eating disorder or an alcohol or drug problem, or have been victims of abuse. Research shows that although people do die from self-harm, these instances appear to be accidental; in general, self-harmers do not want to die. In fact, some researchers believe that self-injury may be a way of coping—of regaining control of pain—in order to go on living.
Question 4
4. Long-term effects of untreated anorexia nervosa include reduced fluid and mineral levels in the body, leading to an electrolyte imbalance. Unless fluids and minerals such as calcium and potassium are replaced, this condition creates a serious risk for:
- hypoglycemia.
- high blood pressure.
- heart failure.
- hypothyroidism.
Answer to question 4
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0008) A loss of 15 percent or more of body weight is an indication of anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that can lead to organ damage and death. In lieu of food, the body will start to use its own tissue, including muscle and organs, for energy. The primary danger to the heart is from imbalances of minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate that are normally dissolved in the body's fluid. The dehydration and starvation that occurs with anorexia reduces the body's fluid and mineral levels, resulting in electrolyte imbalance. Electrolytes, especially calcium and potassium, are critical for maintaining the electric currents necessary for a normal heartbeat. Loss of calcium and potassium also damages heart muscle, increasing the risk for heart failure. The effects of anorexia nervosa on the heart include slowed heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, lowered blood pressure, and starvation of the heart muscle. Heart disease is the most common medical cause of death in people with severe anorexia nervosa.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0008) A loss of 15 percent or more of body weight is an indication of anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that can lead to organ damage and death. In lieu of food, the body will start to use its own tissue, including muscle and organs, for energy. The primary danger to the heart is from imbalances of minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate that are normally dissolved in the body's fluid. The dehydration and starvation that occurs with anorexia reduces the body's fluid and mineral levels, resulting in electrolyte imbalance. Electrolytes, especially calcium and potassium, are critical for maintaining the electric currents necessary for a normal heartbeat. Loss of calcium and potassium also damages heart muscle, increasing the risk for heart failure. The effects of anorexia nervosa on the heart include slowed heart rhythms, reduced blood flow, lowered blood pressure, and starvation of the heart muscle. Heart disease is the most common medical cause of death in people with severe anorexia nervosa.
Question 5
5. One significant reason for teaching students stress-management skills is to minimize the effects of stress on students' physical health. When the body is stressed, high levels of the hormone cortisol are released, which can lead to:
- damage to the cerebellum area of the brain, negatively affecting balance and coordination.
- suppression of the disease-fighting functions of the immune system.
- damage to the hippocampus area of the brain, negatively affecting learning and memory.
- suppression of the nutrient-absorbing functions of the digestive system.
Answer to question 5
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0008) Cortisol, a hormone produced in the adrenal glands, is released by the body in response to stressful conditions or events. Cortisol works to decrease inflammation in the body. But chronic inflammation, due to lifestyle influences such as poor nutrition and stress, keeps cortisol levels elevated, which over time suppresses the immune system. A compromised immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to colds and other illnesses and an increased risk of gastrointestinal issues and cancer. Long-term elevation of cortisol also means the body is consistently producing glucose, which leads to increased blood sugar levels.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0008) Cortisol, a hormone produced in the adrenal glands, is released by the body in response to stressful conditions or events. Cortisol works to decrease inflammation in the body. But chronic inflammation, due to lifestyle influences such as poor nutrition and stress, keeps cortisol levels elevated, which over time suppresses the immune system. A compromised immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to colds and other illnesses and an increased risk of gastrointestinal issues and cancer. Long-term elevation of cortisol also means the body is consistently producing glucose, which leads to increased blood sugar levels.
Question 6
6. Which of the following strategies is an important component of active listening that promotes effective interpersonal communication?
- ignoring the nonverbal cues and gestures used by a speaker that are inconsistent with the speaker's verbal message
- paraphrasing a speaker's message and asking questions to validate and clarify the purpose and meaning of the message
- relying primarily on logic and objectivity rather than empathy to interpret a speaker's thoughts and feelings
- quickly forming judgments about a speaker's intended meaning based on the speaker's tone rather than the message itself
Answer to question 6
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0009) The use of active listening skills, such as rephrasing and asking questions to clarify the purpose and meaning of a speaker's message, enhances understanding and communicates respect in interpersonal discussions. During active listening, an individual purposefully listens and responds to a conversation partner while focusing on the speaker's message and its meaning, rather than his or her own reaction to the speaker. An important aspect of active listening is to paraphrase the speaker's words, thereby helping the listener check understanding of the message and seek further clarification if needed. The use of active listening skills such as I-messages, paraphrasing, restating, summarizing, clarifying, and making eye contact are essential for effective communication and for promoting respectful interactions.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0009) The use of active listening skills, such as rephrasing and asking questions to clarify the purpose and meaning of a speaker's message, enhances understanding and communicates respect in interpersonal discussions. During active listening, an individual purposefully listens and responds to a conversation partner while focusing on the speaker's message and its meaning, rather than his or her own reaction to the speaker. An important aspect of active listening is to paraphrase the speaker's words, thereby helping the listener check understanding of the message and seek further clarification if needed. The use of active listening skills such as I-messages, paraphrasing, restating, summarizing, clarifying, and making eye contact are essential for effective communication and for promoting respectful interactions.
Question 7
7. Sean is an eleventh-grade student who drives his car to school. On days that he does not work, Sean likes to attend after-school varsity sport away-games. He often agrees to give classmates rides to and from these games, and on several occasions his passengers have smoked marijuana while he was driving. Sean does not do drugs and wants this behavior to stop. In which of the following ways could Sean most appropriately deal with this situation?
- waiting to see if the situation occurs again, and if it does, talking to his passengers about the legal ramifications of being caught
- agreeing to give classmates a ride to the next game but stopping the car and telling them to get out if they begin to smoke marijuana
- pretending to be too busy with work to attend games for a few weeks, then resuming but going alone or with a trusted friend
- firmly telling classmates who ask for rides to or from games that they can be in his car only if they refrain from doing drugs
Answer to question 7
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0009) In this situation, Sean has the right to act decisively in his own best interest so it is appropriate for Sean to assert himself and make his position clear—he will not permit the use of marijuana or other drugs in his car. Although Sean probably has a strong desire to be with peers at this age, he needs to remain firm, stand up to his peers, and have a ready response to peer pressure. By establishing rules or conditions for being a passenger in his car, Sean can offer his classmates a choice, and in doing so make himself clear and prevent negative outcomes. Given the legal and other consequences of using marijuana in a vehicle that belongs to a young driver, an assertive refusal without argument or explanation is the best response in this situation.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0009) In this situation, Sean has the right to act decisively in his own best interest so it is appropriate for Sean to assert himself and make his position clear—he will not permit the use of marijuana or other drugs in his car. Although Sean probably has a strong desire to be with peers at this age, he needs to remain firm, stand up to his peers, and have a ready response to peer pressure. By establishing rules or conditions for being a passenger in his car, Sean can offer his classmates a choice, and in doing so make himself clear and prevent negative outcomes. Given the legal and other consequences of using marijuana in a vehicle that belongs to a young driver, an assertive refusal without argument or explanation is the best response in this situation.
Question 8
8. A health education teacher is preparing a unit on sexuality education for a sixth-grade class. Lesson goals involve teaching students parts of the human body, including the names of external body parts and how they change during puberty, and empowering students with the knowledge that they have control of their bodies. A theme of the unit is that it is important to be able to talk about one's body in order to stay healthy. After introducing students to the topics that will be covered, which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use next?
- dividing students into small groups and distributing photocopies of two body outlines, one male and one female, for each group to label with as many body part names as they can
- acknowledging that the topics are sensitive in nature and collaborating with students to establish clear rules for class discussions (e.g., respecting what is said, using correct terminology, prohibiting teasing)
- providing students with an overview of the functions of internal body parts and then stating the general functions of external body parts without referring to gender or location
- gauging students' prior knowledge of the topics by asking them to respond to related questions (e.g., "Which body parts are considered internal?," "Which ones are considered external?," "What does puberty mean?")
Answer to question 8
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0009) Knowing how to handle controversial or embarrassing health topics is an important skill for health educators. Acknowledging that health topics may cause embarrassment establishes common ground and communicates to students that the teacher is fully aware that they are studying sensitive subject matter. Establishing clear rules for communication, such as respecting what others say, staying on topic, using the correct terminology for body parts, and not allowing teasing or put-downs, is essential for conducting a civil, thoughtful, and useful discussion. Providing factual material (e.g., biology-based information) in an objective, nonjudgmental way allows students to learn about important health topics in a respectful and safe learning environment.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0009) Knowing how to handle controversial or embarrassing health topics is an important skill for health educators. Acknowledging that health topics may cause embarrassment establishes common ground and communicates to students that the teacher is fully aware that they are studying sensitive subject matter. Establishing clear rules for communication, such as respecting what others say, staying on topic, using the correct terminology for body parts, and not allowing teasing or put-downs, is essential for conducting a civil, thoughtful, and useful discussion. Providing factual material (e.g., biology-based information) in an objective, nonjudgmental way allows students to learn about important health topics in a respectful and safe learning environment.
Question 9
9. Which of the following strategies is most likely to help maintain healthy and positive relationships between members of a family?
- agreeing to avoid expressing individual opinions or beliefs that might offend or upset other family members
- regularly discussing the concept of family, including family dynamics and types of relationships between family members
- establishing and sustaining open lines of communication and family traditions that are valued by all family members
- immediately addressing disruptive behaviors and family conflicts and establishing consequences on a case-by-case basis
Answer to question 9
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0009) Demonstrating respect for others' viewpoints and remaining open and willing to listen to and exchange ideas is essential for establishing and maintaining healthy family relationships. Open communication includes sharing thoughts and feelings, listening attentively to what other family members say, and attempting to remain respectful and nonjudgmental as much as possible. Establishing and participating in family traditions such as birthdays and other celebrations, family trips, and favorite pastimes is a key aspect of building strong family ties and promoting family well-being. Individuals who feel valued and secure within a family are more likely to develop a strong sense of self-worth, which is a positive influence on the ability to get along with others.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0009) Demonstrating respect for others' viewpoints and remaining open and willing to listen to and exchange ideas is essential for establishing and maintaining healthy family relationships. Open communication includes sharing thoughts and feelings, listening attentively to what other family members say, and attempting to remain respectful and nonjudgmental as much as possible. Establishing and participating in family traditions such as birthdays and other celebrations, family trips, and favorite pastimes is a key aspect of building strong family ties and promoting family well-being. Individuals who feel valued and secure within a family are more likely to develop a strong sense of self-worth, which is a positive influence on the ability to get along with others.
Question 10
10. In a fifth-grade class, the teacher introduces students to "I-messages," using the following table of prompts and examples.
Prompt
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Example
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"I feel . . ."
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Tell how you feel. Follow I feel with a feeling word or words, such as upset, angry, or left out.
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"when you . . ."
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Tell what caused the feeling. For example, At the playground, I feel left out when you play basketball with just the kids from your street.
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"I would like . . ."
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Tell what you would like to happen. For example, At the playground, I feel left out when you play basketball with just the kids from your street. I would like to play too.
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Next, the teacher asks students to role-play with a partner and practice using I-messages to express feelings in a tense situation. The primary purpose of teaching students this communication strategy is to help them learn how to:
- lessen potential conflicts and use constructive dialogue and problem solving.
- acknowledge the speaker's emotions so that the speaker feels listened to and validated.
- check understanding of a speaker's message by restating what they believe the speaker just said.
- consider both sides of an argument and arrive at a solution that takes opposing viewpoints into account.
Answer to question 10
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0009) A key aspect of effective communication and conflict resolution is to avoid reacting quickly and blaming or criticizing the other person when a conflict arises. Blame and criticism in the form of "you" messages from the speaker elicits defensiveness from the listener. One communication strategy for lessening verbal conflicts is to use I-messages to frame a conversation. An I-message or I-statement focuses on the feelings or beliefs of the speaker rather than the characteristics or personality of the listener. I-messages allow conversation partners to be assertive without making accusations. By identifying feelings and unwanted behaviors that are involved in the conflict in a calm and systematic way, participants can show a willingness to resolve disputes and de-escalate conflicts.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0009) A key aspect of effective communication and conflict resolution is to avoid reacting quickly and blaming or criticizing the other person when a conflict arises. Blame and criticism in the form of "you" messages from the speaker elicits defensiveness from the listener. One communication strategy for lessening verbal conflicts is to use I-messages to frame a conversation. An I-message or I-statement focuses on the feelings or beliefs of the speaker rather than the characteristics or personality of the listener. I-messages allow conversation partners to be assertive without making accusations. By identifying feelings and unwanted behaviors that are involved in the conflict in a calm and systematic way, participants can show a willingness to resolve disputes and de-escalate conflicts.
Question 11
11. In a middle school, a peer mediation program is used to help resolve interpersonal conflicts that arise between students. In the first stage of the mediation process, peer mediators make introductions and explain the process to the two students involved in the conflict. Next, mediators gather information from the disputants, identify core issues related to the conflict, and attempt to diffuse tension. Which of the following steps generally occurs next in a structured mediation process?
- The mediators help the disputants see each other's point of view so that they can come to a mutual understanding.
- The disputants work together to brainstorm possible solutions to their conflict.
- The mediators provide advice on how to resolve the conflict and encourage both disputants to take responsibility for the conflict.
- The disputants work together to draft a written agreement that outlines a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
Answer to question 11
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0010) School-based conflict resolution and peer mediation programs place students in charge of resolving interpersonal conflicts. Student mediators are trained and supported by adults and typically conduct mediations in teams of two with two disputants. After identifying core issues related to the conflict between the two disputants, and attempting to diffuse tension through techniques such as active listening and summarizing, mediators typically try to help disputants see each other's point of view so that they can come to a mutual understanding. Mediators usually encourage the student disputants to use I-messages, as well as listening, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills to arrive at a mutually agreeable solution. The peer mediation process often concludes with the development of a written document that outlines an agreed-upon resolution.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0010) School-based conflict resolution and peer mediation programs place students in charge of resolving interpersonal conflicts. Student mediators are trained and supported by adults and typically conduct mediations in teams of two with two disputants. After identifying core issues related to the conflict between the two disputants, and attempting to diffuse tension through techniques such as active listening and summarizing, mediators typically try to help disputants see each other's point of view so that they can come to a mutual understanding. Mediators usually encourage the student disputants to use I-messages, as well as listening, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills to arrive at a mutually agreeable solution. The peer mediation process often concludes with the development of a written document that outlines an agreed-upon resolution.
Question 12
12. Which of the following teacher strategies is likely to be most effective in deterring students from becoming part of cyberbullying campaigns (e.g., visiting cyberbullying sites, forwarding hateful posts or messages)?
- providing students with the electronic addresses of social networking sites where online users can report instances of cyberbullying
- helping students understand how much bullying hurts through use of case studies, role-playing activities, and class discussions
- warning students that law enforcement often gets involved in cyberbullying campaigns that include hacking or password or identity theft
- addressing with students ways that they can become inadvertent cyberbullies, including by standing by and allowing bullying in any form to occur
Answer to question 12
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0010) Teachers can help students recognize that few cyberbullying efforts or campaigns succeed without the complacency and the help of other individuals. Teachers can help students understand just how much cyberbullying can hurt through discussions about the characteristics of cyberbullying (e.g., its intensity is often exacerbated by the repetitive, ever-present nature of cyberbullying), as well as through lessons involving case studies, role plays, and tips and techniques for avoiding and preventing online aggression and bullying. By familiarizing students with the harmful effects of cyberbullying, teachers can help students develop empathy and compassion for victims of cyberbullying. Increasing students' awareness of the dangers of cyberbullying and how in many cases (unlike the children's chant) words can hurt may deter students from cooperating with cyberbullies. They are more likely to think twice before forwarding a hurtful e-mail, visiting a cyberbullying site, or allowing others to take videos or cell phone pictures of personal moments or compromising poses.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0010) Teachers can help students recognize that few cyberbullying efforts or campaigns succeed without the complacency and the help of other individuals. Teachers can help students understand just how much cyberbullying can hurt through discussions about the characteristics of cyberbullying (e.g., its intensity is often exacerbated by the repetitive, ever-present nature of cyberbullying), as well as through lessons involving case studies, role plays, and tips and techniques for avoiding and preventing online aggression and bullying. By familiarizing students with the harmful effects of cyberbullying, teachers can help students develop empathy and compassion for victims of cyberbullying. Increasing students' awareness of the dangers of cyberbullying and how in many cases (unlike the children's chant) words can hurt may deter students from cooperating with cyberbullies. They are more likely to think twice before forwarding a hurtful e-mail, visiting a cyberbullying site, or allowing others to take videos or cell phone pictures of personal moments or compromising poses.
Question 13
13. As part of a schoolwide anti-bullying program, ninth-grade students receive training and meet with students entering middle school during a presentation on cyberbullying and Internet safety. The older students interact with the younger students during an outdoor picnic on school grounds, and lead demonstrations and follow-up activities on how to respond to verbal bullying and cyberbullying. Incorporating older students into the education of younger students in this way has been found to be effective primarily for which of the following reasons?
- Students tend to be skeptical of adult-led initiatives to reduce risks to personal health.
- Students are more likely to listen to and retain educational messages when they believe speakers and instructors are peers who share similar traits and concerns.
- Middle school students usually form bonds with older students who take on authoritarian roles.
- Middle school students are so concerned with social status that they are willing to emulate older students, even when their values conflict with those of older students.
Answer to question 13
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0010) Peer education and support programs are often successful because both the instructors and participants belong to or relate to the same or a similar peer group (which may be defined by age, class, gender, or other social constructs). Thus, communication is more natural and meaningful. Participants are more likely to pay attention to and commit to memory messages from speakers who seem equal to them in power and who share similar values and concerns. Peer educators often work to communicate healthy and positive social and behavioral norms to a target group within their own school or community group.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0010) Peer education and support programs are often successful because both the instructors and participants belong to or relate to the same or a similar peer group (which may be defined by age, class, gender, or other social constructs). Thus, communication is more natural and meaningful. Participants are more likely to pay attention to and commit to memory messages from speakers who seem equal to them in power and who share similar values and concerns. Peer educators often work to communicate healthy and positive social and behavioral norms to a target group within their own school or community group.
Question 14
14. Which of the following approaches is most likely to be effective in helping middle school students establish personal goals related to developing healthy sleep habits?
- explaining to students the physiological effects of sleep deficits and the emotional and academic benefits of getting adequate sleep
- providing students with online resources for relaxation and stress-reduction techniques that can be done during the day and before bed
- having students record for one month the time they go to sleep each night, what they do before bed, and how they feel the next day
- sending home information packets to parents/guardians that outline the environmental factors that contribute to poor sleep
Answer to question 14
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) A key aspect of using self-management skills to enhance personal health is knowing how to establish personal health goals and monitor progress toward those goals. Asking students to keep track for one month of the time they go to sleep each night, what they do before bed, and how they feel the next day will help students establish baseline information and reflect upon their sleeping habits and the effects these habits have on their health and ability to function the next day. Assessing lifestyle practices related to rest and sleep, diet, safety, and fitness often motivates students to examine personal health strengths and needs and prioritize lifestyle changes. For example, after recording the information specified for one month's time, a student who consistently feels tired at school may decide to adjust his or her bedtime or the type of activity he or she engages in before bedtime.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) A key aspect of using self-management skills to enhance personal health is knowing how to establish personal health goals and monitor progress toward those goals. Asking students to keep track for one month of the time they go to sleep each night, what they do before bed, and how they feel the next day will help students establish baseline information and reflect upon their sleeping habits and the effects these habits have on their health and ability to function the next day. Assessing lifestyle practices related to rest and sleep, diet, safety, and fitness often motivates students to examine personal health strengths and needs and prioritize lifestyle changes. For example, after recording the information specified for one month's time, a student who consistently feels tired at school may decide to adjust his or her bedtime or the type of activity he or she engages in before bedtime.
Question 15
15. Tanya is a high school student who just completed a successful academic semester and a rigorous season of lacrosse. Last year, Tanya experimented with alcohol and drugs, but this year she studied hard, attended all her soccer practices and games, and adhered to the school's chemical health policy. Now she is looking forward to attending parties and other social events with friends and teammates but realizes she may encounter temptations involving alcohol and drugs. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective for Tanya to use to enjoy herself without making bad choices?
- carefully observing her teammates' behavior at parties and social gatherings and making sure her behavior conforms to theirs
- evaluating her overall health and fitness and considering how even small amounts of alcohol or drugs could affect her body and its functioning
- anticipating pressure situations she may face at social gatherings with peers and mentally rehearsing strategies for responding in healthy ways
- considering how disappointed her parents, teachers, and lacrosse coach would be if she violated the school's chemical health policy
Answer to question 15
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) An important strategy for resisting peer pressure and other unhealthy influences is to anticipate them and decide in advance how to handle them. By anticipating a pressure situation and thinking about the possible consequences of various responses to the situation, Tanya will be more able to control the situation. Mentally rehearsing skills and strategies for responding in healthy ways will promote Tanya's ability to feel emotionally strong enough to face temptations, risk possible rejection or taunting by peers or teammates, or simply avoid problematic situations. Because she will have already thought about potential consequences of choices she can make and made up her mind about how to respond, Tanya will have an easier time standing her ground and making healthy choices with conviction.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) An important strategy for resisting peer pressure and other unhealthy influences is to anticipate them and decide in advance how to handle them. By anticipating a pressure situation and thinking about the possible consequences of various responses to the situation, Tanya will be more able to control the situation. Mentally rehearsing skills and strategies for responding in healthy ways will promote Tanya's ability to feel emotionally strong enough to face temptations, risk possible rejection or taunting by peers or teammates, or simply avoid problematic situations. Because she will have already thought about potential consequences of choices she can make and made up her mind about how to respond, Tanya will have an easier time standing her ground and making healthy choices with conviction.
Question 16
16. During a health education lesson, small groups of students examine the nutritional content of common lunch foods, snacks, and beverages. Each group reviews two lunch plans, each of which specifies the type of food and portion size for each lunch item. Students research the nutrient content of the food items in each lunch, compare the meals in terms of nutrition, determine which lunch is the healthiest option, and explain why. This activity is likely to be particularly effective in providing students with experience in:
- developing health literacy criteria to evaluate health-related information sources.
- creating short-term health goals based on personal strengths and needs.
- using critical-thinking and decision-making skills to enhance personal health.
- identifying ways in which peers and media influence personal health behaviors.
Answer to question 16
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) The small-group health education activity described promotes students' ability to use critical-thinking and decision-making skills to choose healthy options over less healthy options in nutrition and meal planning. In the activity, students can analyze lunch menus, research nutritional content, compare and contrast food choices, distinguish between foods that are nutrient dense and foods that are low in nutrients, determine what is healthy and unhealthy about each choice, and decide on best options. Using critical-thinking and decision-making skills in this way to guide and manage health behaviors fosters a sense of control over and promotes responsibility for personal health.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0011) The small-group health education activity described promotes students' ability to use critical-thinking and decision-making skills to choose healthy options over less healthy options in nutrition and meal planning. In the activity, students can analyze lunch menus, research nutritional content, compare and contrast food choices, distinguish between foods that are nutrient dense and foods that are low in nutrients, determine what is healthy and unhealthy about each choice, and decide on best options. Using critical-thinking and decision-making skills in this way to guide and manage health behaviors fosters a sense of control over and promotes responsibility for personal health.
Question 17
17. In a health and fitness class, fifth-grade students are developing personal wellness plans. During an introductory activity on health-related goal setting, students write personal goal statements. One student writes the following.
"I want to take very good care of myself and live a healthy lifestyle."
Which of the following strategies should the teacher recommend to the student for developing the goal into a realistic, achievable goal?
- narrowing the goal to address one central area of health in need of improvement
- prefacing the goal with a statement about current personal health and fitness status
- dividing the goal into two goal statements and prioritizing the most important one
- rewriting the goal in an open-ended way to allow modification in the goal over time
Answer to question 17
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0011) Students who are developing personal wellness programs and establishing initial goals should focus on developing goals that are concrete, realistic, and relevant to a specific health need. Goals should be clear, specific to a manageable area of health, and provide the goal setter with direction. Goals should state how the goal will be attained or how goal attainment will be measured. Students should attempt to make goals realistic but somewhat challenging to strike a balance between avoiding discouragement or loss of confidence and providing motivation and satisfaction in achieving goals.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0011) Students who are developing personal wellness programs and establishing initial goals should focus on developing goals that are concrete, realistic, and relevant to a specific health need. Goals should be clear, specific to a manageable area of health, and provide the goal setter with direction. Goals should state how the goal will be attained or how goal attainment will be measured. Students should attempt to make goals realistic but somewhat challenging to strike a balance between avoiding discouragement or loss of confidence and providing motivation and satisfaction in achieving goals.
Question 18
18. A high school student is using the Internet to do research for a report on the relationships between middle school students' body weight perceptions, dieting behaviors, and feelings of well-being and satisfaction with life. The best indication that the material on a website is reliable is that the site:
- contains information from reputable professional and educational sources.
- includes the author's name, profession, background, and credentials.
- is sponsored by a well-known pharmaceutical company.
- indicates that the information was recently updated.
Answer to question 18
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0012) Reliability refers to the accuracy, currency, and completeness of a source of information. At times, the reliability of information on a Web site can be difficult to evaluate. Independently researching the qualifications of the author or authors, as well as the reputation of the sponsor or administrator of the Web site where that author's work appears, is an effective method of assessing the reliability and credibility of the information published. Web sites sponsored by government agencies or educational institutions are generally considered to be reliable sources of information because they tend to be factual, impartial, and up-to-date. Web sites sponsored by businesses or individuals may be designed to promote a particular agenda, viewpoint, product, or service, and may exhibit insufficient regard for accuracy or completeness of information.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0012) Reliability refers to the accuracy, currency, and completeness of a source of information. At times, the reliability of information on a Web site can be difficult to evaluate. Independently researching the qualifications of the author or authors, as well as the reputation of the sponsor or administrator of the Web site where that author's work appears, is an effective method of assessing the reliability and credibility of the information published. Web sites sponsored by government agencies or educational institutions are generally considered to be reliable sources of information because they tend to be factual, impartial, and up-to-date. Web sites sponsored by businesses or individuals may be designed to promote a particular agenda, viewpoint, product, or service, and may exhibit insufficient regard for accuracy or completeness of information.
Question 19
19. A middle school student is seeking accurate, reliable information for a health project on type 2 diabetes. Which of the following types of Internet resources would be most appropriate for the health teacher to recommend to the student?
- Web sites of national organizations and nonprofit teaching hospitals that provide information and support to individuals with diabetes
- discussion forums in which individuals with diabetes share their personal stories and offer advice to others
- Web sites sponsored by manufacturers of diabetes medical supplies with testimonials from individuals who have used the products
- online medical journals that describe research studies on new treatments for individuals with diabetes
Answer to question 19
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0012) The Web sites of nonprofit organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, the Mayo Clinic, and the National Diabetes Education Program (a partnership of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) provide information such as basic facts about diabetes, tips and strategies for living with diabetes, and news and research related to diabetes. Because such organizations are dedicated to supporting and advocating for individuals with diabetes, as well as preventing and finding treatments for diabetes, they are appropriate sources for a middle school student to use.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0012) The Web sites of nonprofit organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, the Mayo Clinic, and the National Diabetes Education Program (a partnership of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) provide information such as basic facts about diabetes, tips and strategies for living with diabetes, and news and research related to diabetes. Because such organizations are dedicated to supporting and advocating for individuals with diabetes, as well as preventing and finding treatments for diabetes, they are appropriate sources for a middle school student to use.
Question 20
20. A few faculty members at a high school have spoken to the health teacher about concerns related to teen dating violence. Although the health education curriculum includes a unit on healthy relationships, including dating relationships, the health teacher has no in-depth personal expertise in the area of teen dating violence. The health teacher would like to support her colleagues in their quest to learn more about the issue. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective for the health teacher to use in addressing the teachers' concerns?
- offering to collaborate with the concerned teachers in setting up a school hotline for students who wish to talk about teen dating violence anonymously and confidentially
- asking the faculty members for the names of students they are concerned about, then meeting individually with those students to discuss peer relationships
- e-mailing the faculty members who have expressed concern a list of Web sites that present facts and statistics about the prevalence of teen dating violence
- locating a qualified professional in the school or community who would be willing to conduct an in-service presentation on teen dating violence for school staff
Answer to question 20
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0012) In this situation, the health teacher should try to locate a qualified professional who has experience in dealing with issues of teen dating violence. It would be appropriate to consider professionals who may be available both inside the school (e.g., school nurse, school counselor, school psychologist) and outside the school (e.g., staff at local community organizations, social services agencies, mental health departments). In addition to consulting with such professionals, the health teacher could conduct an Internet search to locate a professional in the field of adolescent health, perhaps at a local hospital or university.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0012) In this situation, the health teacher should try to locate a qualified professional who has experience in dealing with issues of teen dating violence. It would be appropriate to consider professionals who may be available both inside the school (e.g., school nurse, school counselor, school psychologist) and outside the school (e.g., staff at local community organizations, social services agencies, mental health departments). In addition to consulting with such professionals, the health teacher could conduct an Internet search to locate a professional in the field of adolescent health, perhaps at a local hospital or university.
Question 21
21. According to research, which of the following factors generally has the greatest influence on the perception among adolescents that engaging in sexual activity during the teenage years is acceptable?
- frequent portrayals of teenage sexual activity as normal and risk free in popular media
- increased funding for and expanded access to sex education courses in public high schools
- relaxed parental/guardian mores and norms regarding sexual activity among teenage children
- teenagers' increased access to a wide variety of contraception methods and products
Answer to question 21
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0013) Portrayals of teenage sexual activity in various popular media characterize it as normal, carefree, and devoid of consequences. Studies have found that adolescents whose media diet is rich in sexual content are more than twice as likely as others to have had sex by the time they were sixteen. In one large study, three-quarters of teenagers surveyed said that one reason young people have sex is because TV shows and movies make it seem normal for teens. Adolescents may turn to the media as a "sexual super peer" when seeking information about sexual norms and adult roles because age-appropriate information about sexuality is not readily available to them. Sex is often portrayed as desirable and risk free in films, television programs, music lyrics and music videos, and magazines. Many of these media fail to depict the consequences of risky sexual activity, or if they do, the consequences appear easy to handle (e.g., teen mothers with no concerns about child care or financial support).
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0013) Portrayals of teenage sexual activity in various popular media characterize it as normal, carefree, and devoid of consequences. Studies have found that adolescents whose media diet is rich in sexual content are more than twice as likely as others to have had sex by the time they were sixteen. In one large study, three-quarters of teenagers surveyed said that one reason young people have sex is because TV shows and movies make it seem normal for teens. Adolescents may turn to the media as a "sexual super peer" when seeking information about sexual norms and adult roles because age-appropriate information about sexuality is not readily available to them. Sex is often portrayed as desirable and risk free in films, television programs, music lyrics and music videos, and magazines. Many of these media fail to depict the consequences of risky sexual activity, or if they do, the consequences appear easy to handle (e.g., teen mothers with no concerns about child care or financial support).
Question 22
22. Which of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence on the incidence of childhood obesity?
- participation rates in organized children's sports leagues
- children's exposure to mass media messages about health
- the availability of local parks and recreation departments
- family attitudes and values about nutrition and exercise
Answer to question 22
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0013) Family behavioral patterns concerning food shopping, cooking, eating, and exercise have an important influence on children's energy balance and their body composition. Research shows that family diet and lifestyle are important contributory causes to modern childhood obesity. Obese children and adolescents frequently grow up to become obese adults, and physical inactivity as a child often results in physical inactivity as an adult. Research studies have shown that when parents/guardians assign little value to sound nutritional practices and regular physical activity, children tend to do the same.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0013) Family behavioral patterns concerning food shopping, cooking, eating, and exercise have an important influence on children's energy balance and their body composition. Research shows that family diet and lifestyle are important contributory causes to modern childhood obesity. Obese children and adolescents frequently grow up to become obese adults, and physical inactivity as a child often results in physical inactivity as an adult. Research studies have shown that when parents/guardians assign little value to sound nutritional practices and regular physical activity, children tend to do the same.
Question 23
23. During a ninth-grade health education class, the teacher is leading a discussion on adolescent use of synthetic drugs, including GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), "Special K" (ketamine), "bath salts" (synthetic cathinones), and synthetic marijuana. During the discussion, several students agree with one student's assessment that "at least half" of the students in their grade have tried one or more of these synthetic drugs. In response, the teacher shares with the class statewide data from a recent Minnesota Student Survey indicating that 99 percent of the ninth-grade students surveyed reported never using the synthetic drugs. This strategy of using relevant data to correct student misperceptions about peer behavior reflects the teacher's use of the:
- health belief model.
- stages of change (or transtheoretical) model.
- social (or behavioral) norms approach.
- multiple levels of influence/ecological approach.
Answer to question 23
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0013) Research indicates that the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of peers have a major impact on one's health-related decisions. For example, if a student believes that a subgroup or segment of their peers has tried an illicit drug, the likelihood of that student trying the same drug may increase because the student may believe that "everyone is doing it." However, what students believe about their peer group's health-related behavior, or what they consider the "norm," is not always factual. By presenting relevant and actual statistics about student social groups and their behaviors, and debunking student's perceived but inaccurate norms, teachers can present positive norms to students that guide and reinforce students in making healthy choices and decisions.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0013) Research indicates that the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of peers have a major impact on one's health-related decisions. For example, if a student believes that a subgroup or segment of their peers has tried an illicit drug, the likelihood of that student trying the same drug may increase because the student may believe that "everyone is doing it." However, what students believe about their peer group's health-related behavior, or what they consider the "norm," is not always factual. By presenting relevant and actual statistics about student social groups and their behaviors, and debunking student's perceived but inaccurate norms, teachers can present positive norms to students that guide and reinforce students in making healthy choices and decisions.
Question 24
24. In 2016, 17 percent of eleventh-grade students in Minnesota reported using electronic cigarettes or vaping devices during the last 30 days. On the national level, the U.S. Surgeon General's office reported that e-cigarette use among high school students increased by 900 percent between 2011 and 2015. This trend is primarily a result of easy access to online e-cigarette and vape products and which of the following factors?
- the advertising of smoking and vaping devices on large-screen monitors in sports stadiums and concert arenas
- increased competition for the youth tobacco-related market exerted by manufacturers of traditional smokeless tobacco products
- teenage rebellion against efforts to prohibit tobacco and tobacco-related sales to individuals under 18 years of age
- the marketing by tobacco and other companies of candy-flavored smoking and vaping products as safe alternatives to cigarettes
Answer to question 24
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0013) Young people have been using e-cigarettes and electronic vaping products at increasing rates. The U.S. Surgeon General's office estimates that teenagers' use of e-cigarettes has eclipsed their use of cigarettes, and has called e-cigarette use among youth a significant public health concern. The Surgeon General's office also concluded that the flavors in e-cigarettes are main culprits in attracting young people. The tobacco industry intentionally markets candy-flavored electronic vapor products to children and adolescents in hope that they will become new customers. Advertisements glamorize the use of the products and companies offer an array of e-liquid flavors such as strawberry, cherry, bubble gum, and gummy bears. Although many of these products are marketed as safe alternatives to cigarettes, the e-liquids typically contain nicotine, an addictive substance, a base (usually propylene glycol), flavorings, colorings, and other chemicals, some of which have been found to cause cancer.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0013) Young people have been using e-cigarettes and electronic vaping products at increasing rates. The U.S. Surgeon General's office estimates that teenagers' use of e-cigarettes has eclipsed their use of cigarettes, and has called e-cigarette use among youth a significant public health concern. The Surgeon General's office also concluded that the flavors in e-cigarettes are main culprits in attracting young people. The tobacco industry intentionally markets candy-flavored electronic vapor products to children and adolescents in hope that they will become new customers. Advertisements glamorize the use of the products and companies offer an array of e-liquid flavors such as strawberry, cherry, bubble gum, and gummy bears. Although many of these products are marketed as safe alternatives to cigarettes, the e-liquids typically contain nicotine, an addictive substance, a base (usually propylene glycol), flavorings, colorings, and other chemicals, some of which have been found to cause cancer.
Question 25
25. Before assigning a new chapter in the health education textbook, a teacher regularly walks students through the chapter's headings and subheadings. The teacher also encourages the students to read the chapter's introduction and summary before they read the entire chapter. These practices promote comprehension of a health education text most directly by helping the students:
- determine what is most important to learn from their reading.
- match new vocabulary words in the text to the words' definitions.
- identify supplemental materials that are relevant to their reading.
- analyze the text from multiple viewpoints and perspectives.
Answer to question 25
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0014) A chapter's headings, subheadings, objectives, introductions, and summaries provide a clear indication of the chapter's main ideas in a concise format. When previewed before reading, these textual features provide students with guidance regarding what information in the chapter is most important, which can help them set a purpose, or personal learning goals, for their reading.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0014) A chapter's headings, subheadings, objectives, introductions, and summaries provide a clear indication of the chapter's main ideas in a concise format. When previewed before reading, these textual features provide students with guidance regarding what information in the chapter is most important, which can help them set a purpose, or personal learning goals, for their reading.
Question 26
26. Some students in a health education class are having difficulty understanding the textbook and other reading assignments even though they demonstrate sufficient background knowledge during prereading discussions and their school records indicate that they have adequate basic reading skills. These students would likely benefit most from differentiated content-area reading instruction focused on promoting their ability to use:
- textual features such as subject indexes and glossaries.
- decoding strategies such as orthographic, syllabic, and structural analysis.
- online research tools such as search engines and databases.
- self-monitoring strategies such as questioning, mental imagery, and rereading.
Answer to question 26
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0014) Background knowledge includes foundational concepts and information and related vocabulary in a specific topic. Since the students who are having difficulty demonstrate the background knowledge necessary to comprehend the reading assignments, as well as the basic reading skills to decode the assignments, the source of their comprehension difficulty must lie in recognizing the purpose and organizational structures in the passages, in constructing meaning as they read, or in both. Self-monitoring strategies such as questioning, mental imagery, and rereading promote comprehension by supporting active engagement in the meaning of the text, metacognitive awareness of gaps in comprehension, and the use of strategies to repair comprehension during reading.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0014) Background knowledge includes foundational concepts and information and related vocabulary in a specific topic. Since the students who are having difficulty demonstrate the background knowledge necessary to comprehend the reading assignments, as well as the basic reading skills to decode the assignments, the source of their comprehension difficulty must lie in recognizing the purpose and organizational structures in the passages, in constructing meaning as they read, or in both. Self-monitoring strategies such as questioning, mental imagery, and rereading promote comprehension by supporting active engagement in the meaning of the text, metacognitive awareness of gaps in comprehension, and the use of strategies to repair comprehension during reading.
Question 27
27. A few of the students in a health education class are struggling readers who lack the basic reading skills necessary to fully comprehend assigned readings. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the health education teacher to use to scaffold the reading comprehension of these students?
- conducting after-school sessions to teach the students the basic reading skills they lack
- providing the students with oral previews of text content and noting key concepts on the board
- substituting lower-level health education text excerpts or articles for the students' reading assignments
- assigning the students alternative content research using online texts rather than printed ones
Answer to question 27
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0014) Teachers need to provide scaffolding to English language learners and struggling readers who lack the basic reading skills necessary to comprehend assigned content-area readings. An oral preview of the key concepts covered in a class reading assignment provides scaffolding by activating students' prior knowledge related to a text and building needed vocabulary and background knowledge required to make inferences and repair comprehension during reading. Writing notes on the board during the oral preview both reinforces the new concepts and vocabulary and helps students become familiar with how these elements will appear in print.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0014) Teachers need to provide scaffolding to English language learners and struggling readers who lack the basic reading skills necessary to comprehend assigned content-area readings. An oral preview of the key concepts covered in a class reading assignment provides scaffolding by activating students' prior knowledge related to a text and building needed vocabulary and background knowledge required to make inferences and repair comprehension during reading. Writing notes on the board during the oral preview both reinforces the new concepts and vocabulary and helps students become familiar with how these elements will appear in print.
Question 28
28. A health education teacher notices that many students forget or begin confusing new discipline-specific vocabulary shortly after an assessment. Which of the following instructional strategies would be most effective in promoting the students' understanding and retention of new vocabulary that has been explicitly taught?
- teaching the students how to use independent word-learning strategies to determine the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary
- providing the students with repeated exposure to and opportunities to use new vocabulary in context
- promoting the students' recognition of discipline-specific language structures and functions
- improving the students' word-identification skills and oral reading fluency using grade-level content-area word lists
Answer to question 28
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0014) Vocabulary knowledge and concept development are closely interrelated; discipline-specific vocabulary development involves concept learning and concept learning supports academic vocabulary development. Vocabulary development is an incremental process; more exposures to and opportunities to use new vocabulary in conceptually meaningful contexts result in greater depth of understanding and improved retention.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0014) Vocabulary knowledge and concept development are closely interrelated; discipline-specific vocabulary development involves concept learning and concept learning supports academic vocabulary development. Vocabulary development is an incremental process; more exposures to and opportunities to use new vocabulary in conceptually meaningful contexts result in greater depth of understanding and improved retention.
Question 29
29. A health educator would like to develop a thorough understanding of current health needs of a student population in order to establish and prioritize goals for a comprehensive school health program. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the health educator to use first in accomplishing this task?
- reading recent health education journal articles on new instructional approaches, learning and teaching methods, and classroom technologies
- interviewing a few students from each grade level served about the determinants of health they prioritize in their daily lives
- examining recent findings of district, state, and national youth surveillance systems such as the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)
- reviewing evidence-based public health frameworks that include key aspects of health care systems and the synergies between health care and public health
Answer to question 29
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0015) School health educators can use findings of national youth surveillance systems and other databases to understand current student needs. For example, by examining results of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted annually by the CDC, and other representative surveys, health educators can understand the prevalence of youth health-related risk behaviors (i.e., behaviors that result in intentional and unintentional injuries; tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; sexual behaviors that result in unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; dietary patterns; and physical inactivity).
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0015) School health educators can use findings of national youth surveillance systems and other databases to understand current student needs. For example, by examining results of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted annually by the CDC, and other representative surveys, health educators can understand the prevalence of youth health-related risk behaviors (i.e., behaviors that result in intentional and unintentional injuries; tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; sexual behaviors that result in unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; dietary patterns; and physical inactivity).
Question 30
30. During the upcoming school year, a health education teacher plans to supplement health education instruction with resources and activities such as community speakers, university health programs, and community service projects. Which of the following procedures is most important to carry out before scheduling and integrating these resources and activities?
- surveying students enrolled in health education classes to investigate how they feel about inviting outside speakers into the classroom and participating in service organization projects
- consulting with speakers, program directors, and service organization representatives to ensure that their intentions and activities are consistent with school policy and reinforce curriculum goals
- publicizing the supplemental resources and activities so that administrators, school faculty, and parents/guardians are aware of the extra effort the health education teacher is making to enrich instruction
- summarizing current research related to best practices in health education and distributing it to speakers, program directors, and service organization representatives to review before scheduled activities
Answer to question 30
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0015) Before scheduling and planning how to integrate supplemental resources and activities into a health education program, a health teacher should ensure that the objectives, ideas, intentions, and purposes of planned speakers, university health programs, and community service projects are aligned with school district policy, the school's educational mission, and health education curriculum goals. Direct consultation with the individuals involved is the most effective way of ensuring this.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0015) Before scheduling and planning how to integrate supplemental resources and activities into a health education program, a health teacher should ensure that the objectives, ideas, intentions, and purposes of planned speakers, university health programs, and community service projects are aligned with school district policy, the school's educational mission, and health education curriculum goals. Direct consultation with the individuals involved is the most effective way of ensuring this.
Question 31
31. The philosophy of health promotion within a comprehensive school health program includes the belief that schools should continue to offer and/or increase opportunities for students to engage in physical activity during school hours. This philosophy is aligned with numerous research studies that suggest that children who are physically active during the school day are more likely than inactive students to be:
- academically motivated.
- exceptional communicators.
- intellectually gifted.
- environmental advocates.
Answer to question 31
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0015) Research has shown that physical activity during the school day (e.g., during recess, physical education classes, or extracurricular activities; or when incorporated into class activities) is positively correlated with improved academic performance and achievement and better school attendance. Research studies on physical activity consistently emphasize the link between a physically active lifestyle and positive health benefits, including improved productivity and increased energy for work, including school work. Physical activity decreases muscular tension, allows students to release stress that might otherwise manifest as off-task or disruptive behavior, and improves students' ability to concentrate and persevere.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0015) Research has shown that physical activity during the school day (e.g., during recess, physical education classes, or extracurricular activities; or when incorporated into class activities) is positively correlated with improved academic performance and achievement and better school attendance. Research studies on physical activity consistently emphasize the link between a physically active lifestyle and positive health benefits, including improved productivity and increased energy for work, including school work. Physical activity decreases muscular tension, allows students to release stress that might otherwise manifest as off-task or disruptive behavior, and improves students' ability to concentrate and persevere.
Question 32
32. One main assumption of the health belief model is that individuals become motivated to improve and maintain their own health and wellness once they accomplish which of the following?
- openly acknowledging and discussing their concerns about their personal health in front of others
- understanding how to use a variety of behavior modification techniques to enhance personal health and wellness
- realizing that family members and close friends have significant concerns about their health
- comprehending that they can avoid specific negative personal health risks by practicing healthy behaviors
Answer to question 32
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0015) The health belief model is based on the understanding that an individual will take positive health-related actions when he or she feels that a negative health condition can be avoided; has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he or she will avoid a negative health condition; and believes that he or she can successfully take a recommended health action. The theory suggests that a student's belief in personal susceptibility to an illness or disease, combined with a student's belief in the effectiveness of a recommended preventive or proactive health action, and the confidence and self-efficacy needed to carry out the action, predicts the likelihood the student will adopt the behavior.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0015) The health belief model is based on the understanding that an individual will take positive health-related actions when he or she feels that a negative health condition can be avoided; has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he or she will avoid a negative health condition; and believes that he or she can successfully take a recommended health action. The theory suggests that a student's belief in personal susceptibility to an illness or disease, combined with a student's belief in the effectiveness of a recommended preventive or proactive health action, and the confidence and self-efficacy needed to carry out the action, predicts the likelihood the student will adopt the behavior.
Question 33
33. Which of the following functions is a major responsibility of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?
- regulating health insurance, the cost of health-care products and procedures, and reimbursement rates for medical expenses
- ensuring that over-the-counter medications, prescription drugs, and medical devices are accurately represented to the public
- inspecting, labeling, and ensuring the safe handling and preparation of beef, pork, lamb, and poultry products
- conducting premarket studies to check the safety and efficacy of dietary supplements manufactured in the United States
Answer to question 33
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices for humans and animals are safe and effective. The FDA regulates drug product approvals, over-the-counter and prescription drug labeling, and drug manufacturing standards, as well as premarket approval and manufacturing and performance standards of new medical devices. The FDA is also responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices are accurately represented to the public.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices for humans and animals are safe and effective. The FDA regulates drug product approvals, over-the-counter and prescription drug labeling, and drug manufacturing standards, as well as premarket approval and manufacturing and performance standards of new medical devices. The FDA is also responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical devices are accurately represented to the public.
Question 34
34. In the United States, federal policy permits the irradiation of certain foods, a process that helps prevent food-borne illnesses by:
- damaging the DNA of pathogenic bacteria and other microbes.
- heating the food to a temperature that kills viruses at all stages of their development.
- protecting the food from being oxidized when exposed to light and air.
- eliminating any indigestible organic matter that may have contaminated the food products.
Answer to question 34
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: A. (Objective 0016) The Food and Drug Administration has approved irradiation of meat and poultry and allows its use for a variety of other foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh shell eggs, and spices. Although the issue of food irradiation is somewhat controversial, the federal government's position is that the process is safe and effective in decreasing or eliminating harmful microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In food irradiation, foods are exposed to radiant energy, including gamma rays, electron beams, and X-rays. Food irradiation acts by damaging the target organism's DNA beyond its ability to repair, so that bacteria and other microbes can no longer proliferate and continue pathogenic or spoilage activities. The process successfully eliminates food-borne pathogens such as salmonella.
Correct Response: A. (Objective 0016) The Food and Drug Administration has approved irradiation of meat and poultry and allows its use for a variety of other foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh shell eggs, and spices. Although the issue of food irradiation is somewhat controversial, the federal government's position is that the process is safe and effective in decreasing or eliminating harmful microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In food irradiation, foods are exposed to radiant energy, including gamma rays, electron beams, and X-rays. Food irradiation acts by damaging the target organism's DNA beyond its ability to repair, so that bacteria and other microbes can no longer proliferate and continue pathogenic or spoilage activities. The process successfully eliminates food-borne pathogens such as salmonella.
Question 35
35. According to current U.S. regulations governing health-related products, which of the following entities is responsible for ensuring the safety of a dietary supplement before it is marketed to the public?
- the Food and Drug Administration
- the manufacturer of the dietary supplement
- the Federal Trade Commission
- the retailer who plans to sell the dietary supplement
Answer to question 35
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Unlike drug products that must be proven safe and effective for their intended use before marketing, there are no provisions in the law for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve dietary supplements for safety or effectiveness before they are marketed to consumers. The law requires that a manufacturer or distributor notify the FDA if it intends to market a dietary supplement that contains a "new dietary ingredient." The manufacturer and distributor must demonstrate to the FDA why the ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe for use in a dietary supplement, unless it has been recognized as a food substance and is present in the food supply. In addition, manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements must record, investigate, and forward to the FDA any reports they receive of serious adverse events associated with the use of their products.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act ( D S H E A ), manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Unlike drug products that must be proven safe and effective for their intended use before marketing, there are no provisions in the law for the Food and Drug Administration ( F D A ) to approve dietary supplements for safety or effectiveness before they are marketed to consumers. The law requires that a manufacturer or distributor notify the FDA if it intends to market a dietary supplement that contains a "new dietary ingredient." The manufacturer and distributor must demonstrate to the F D A why the ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe for use in a dietary supplement, unless it has been recognized as a food substance and is present in the food supply. In addition, manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements must record, investigate, and forward to the F D A any reports they receive of serious adverse events associated with the use of their products.
Question 36
36. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in promoting students' lifetime fitness and their awareness of the social and emotional health benefits of physical activity with others?
- helping young students prepare personalized plans of physical activity based on fitness strengths, goals, and areas needing improvement
- introducing students at an early age to community-based resources such as playgrounds and parks, activity clubs, recreation programs, and extracurricular sports
- providing frequent feedback to students on how successful they are in accomplishing group physical tasks and activities requiring strength and endurance
- establishing and maintaining a strong emphasis on the importance of learning about the long-term physiological effects of sustained physical activity and exercise
Answer to question 36
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) Introducing students to community-based fitness and recreation resources at an early age helps establish a foundation for lifetime physical activity habits. Resources such as playgrounds, parks, play groups, public pools and beaches, town recreation departments, intramural and extracurricular sports, community-based clubs, and local service organizations offer a variety of opportunities for physical activity, individual and team play, social interaction, and stress management. Active participation with peers who share interests and enjoy similar activities helps promote health-related fitness and social and emotional wellness.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0016) Introducing students to community-based fitness and recreation resources at an early age helps establish a foundation for lifetime physical activity habits. Resources such as playgrounds, parks, play groups, public pools and beaches, town recreation departments, intramural and extracurricular sports, community-based clubs, and local service organizations offer a variety of opportunities for physical activity, individual and team play, social interaction, and stress management. Active participation with peers who share interests and enjoy similar activities helps promote health-related fitness and social and emotional wellness.
Question 37
37. Which of the following instructional strategies is most likely to promote students' skills in becoming health-literate advocates for their own personal wellness?
- helping students analyze and evaluate health-related statistical information in advertising for medications
- asking students to research different medical specialties and then having students share their research in class
- improving students' reasoning and analytical skills in interpreting data from peer-reviewed medical studies
- providing opportunities for students to practice asking questions and accessing health care services in simulated situations
Answer to question 37
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0016) Health care is complex and health literacy can be a challenge for students. The basis for health literacy is understanding that one has the right to understand and make decisions about their health care. Students benefit from practicing health-related skills in simulated but realistic conditions; it helps them anticipate and prepare for actual situations. When students are empowered to ask questions about their health, they develop confidence in dealing with medical situations and assessing health care information and services.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0016) Health care is complex and health literacy can be a challenge for students. The basis for health literacy is understanding that one has the right to understand and make decisions about their health care. Students benefit from practicing health-related skills in simulated but realistic conditions; it helps them anticipate and prepare for actual situations. When students are empowered to ask questions about their health, they develop confidence in dealing with medical situations and assessing health care information and services.
Question 38
38. Which of the following types of substances in a child's environment pose a serious health risk because even low levels of exposure can cause irreversible damage to a child's developing brain?
- food and beverage can coatings such as bisphenol A (BPA)
- genetically modified crops such as corn, rice, and soy beans
- heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium
- hydrofluorocarbons such as those used in refrigerators and air conditioners
Answer to question 38
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: C. (Objective 0017) Heavy metals can be poisonous or toxic to the human body; these include lead, mercury, cadmium, iron, arsenic, and others. If ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the pores of the skin, the metals deposit in soft tissue and remain there due to the body's inability to metabolize them. They can cause neurological, gastrointestinal, and other serious illnesses. During the first years of life, a child's organs are developing rapidly, making them more prone to functional damage. The nervous system continues to develop throughout childhood, and is therefore especially vulnerable to heavy metals. In children, lead ingestion is the major culprit of heavy metal poisoning. Children may be poisoned as a result of playing with toys containing lead, playing in contaminated soil, or by eating lead paint chips. Children in urban areas with old lead water pipes and lead-painted homes are especially at risk. Mercury poisoning is possible from eating contaminated fish. Cadmium is used in nickel-cadmium batteries, PVC plastics, and paint pigments. It can be found in soils because insecticides, fungicides, sludge, and commercial fertilizers containing cadmium are used in agriculture.
Correct Response: C. (Objective 0017) Heavy metals can be poisonous or toxic to the human body; these include lead, mercury, cadmium, iron, arsenic, and others. If ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the pores of the skin, the metals deposit in soft tissue and remain there due to the body's inability to metabolize them. They can cause neurological, gastrointestinal, and other serious illnesses. During the first years of life, a child's organs are developing rapidly, making them more prone to functional damage. The nervous system continues to develop throughout childhood, and is therefore especially vulnerable to heavy metals. In children, lead ingestion is the major culprit of heavy metal poisoning. Children may be poisoned as a result of playing with toys containing lead, playing in contaminated soil, or by eating lead paint chips. Children in urban areas with old lead water pipes and lead-painted homes are especially at risk. Mercury poisoning is possible from eating contaminated fish. Cadmium is used in nickel-cadmium batteries, PVC plastics, and paint pigments. It can be found in soils because insecticides, fungicides, sludge, and commercial fertilizers containing cadmium are used in agriculture.
Question 39
39. In some urban areas and large industrialized communities, ozone pollution occurs due to increased concentrations of ground-level ozone formed by the interaction of sunlight with pollution from tailpipes, factories, and coal-burning power plants. Repeated short-term exposure to ozone pollution is a known cause of:
- skin cancer.
- respiratory illness.
- hypertension.
- sickle cell anemia.
Answer to question 39
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: B. (Objective 0017) Ground-level ozone is produced when sunlight combines with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide, two compounds produced by cars, trucks, factories, and power-generating plants. Medical experts have long known that ground-level ozone makes asthma and other respiratory illnesses worse. In fact, ozone is one of the most common asthma triggers. It can even cause permanent lung damage in children and adults through repeated short-term exposure. Several medical studies, including one that followed hundreds of thousands of Americans in numerous metropolitan areas for two decades, have shown that ozone increases deaths from respiratory diseases. Children who typically spend a lot of time outdoors in the summer months when ozone is highest, active adults who exercise or work vigorously outdoors, and people who have preexisting respiratory problems are at particularly high risk for health problems associated with ozone.
Correct Response: B. (Objective 0017) Ground-level ozone is produced when sunlight combines with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide, two compounds produced by cars, trucks, factories, and power-generating plants. Medical experts have long known that ground-level ozone makes asthma and other respiratory illnesses worse. In fact, ozone is one of the most common asthma triggers. It can even cause permanent lung damage in children and adults through repeated short-term exposure. Several medical studies, including one that followed hundreds of thousands of Americans in numerous metropolitan areas for two decades, have shown that ozone increases deaths from respiratory diseases. Children who typically spend a lot of time outdoors in the summer months when ozone is highest, active adults who exercise or work vigorously outdoors, and people who have preexisting respiratory problems are at particularly high risk for health problems associated with ozone.
Question 40
40. In which of the following ways can individuals most effectively contribute to reducing the amount of municipal solid waste in community landfills?
- opting out of "junk mail" mailing lists and shredding all unwanted mail, magazines, and newspapers
- growing one's own fruits and vegetables and/or buying locally grown or produced food products whenever possible
- disposing of hazardous and toxic household waste items during scheduled community collection days
- choosing simply packaged items and recycling or reusing as many containers and materials as possible
Answer to question 40
- AnswerAnswer. Click to expand or collapse.
- Correct Response: D. (Objective 0017) The municipal solid waste that accumulates at community landfills most often includes durable and nondurable goods, containers and packaging, discarded food, and yard debris. Much of this waste is buried; communities throughout the country are currently in danger of exhausting their landfill space. Although experts estimate that up to 90 percent of solid household waste is recyclable, far less is recycled, even though landfills routinely offer recycling services for paper, cardboard, metal, glass, plastics, and yard debris. In addition to reusing containers and materials, individuals can reduce waste by buying products with less packaging and letting the manufacturers of products with excessive packaging know about concerns. Since plastics are one of the fastest growing sources of pollution in the United States, individuals can also make a difference by avoiding buying plastic bottles of water and instead purchasing a hard plastic water bottle and refilling it.
Correct Response: D. (Objective 0017) The municipal solid waste that accumulates at community landfills most often includes durable and nondurable goods, containers and packaging, discarded food, and yard debris. Much of this waste is buried; communities throughout the country are currently in danger of exhausting their landfill space. Although experts estimate that up to 90 percent of solid household waste is recyclable, far less is recycled, even though landfills routinely offer recycling services for paper, cardboard, metal, glass, plastics, and yard debris. In addition to reusing containers and materials, individuals can reduce waste by buying products with less packaging and letting the manufacturers of products with excessive packaging know about concerns. Since plastics are one of the fastest growing sources of pollution in the United States, individuals can also make a difference by avoiding buying plastic bottles of water and instead purchasing a hard plastic water bottle and refilling it.